Homers Iliad Study Questions - 1777 Words

The Iliad, Homer Review Questions 48) Three of the gift-offerings Agamemnon will make to the implacable Achilles are seven tripods never touched by fire, ten bars of gold, and twenty burnished cauldrons. He makes rather diverse and interesting offerings. The return of Briseus daughter is perhaps the most significant. 49) Odysseus presents Agamemnon’s offer to Achilles, but Achilles immediately rejects it. Odysseus editorializes or puts a more positive spin on Agamemnon’s ostensible apology by speaking of even more gifts and reminding Achilles that he now can kill Hector. Achilles still intends to live a long prosaic life and return home, as opposed to dying gloriously in battle. 50) Agamemnon makes Odysseus, Ajax, and Phoenix try†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately for him, Idomeneus taunts him while he dies. Othryoneus should not have taken part in such a serious conflict for the sole purpose of marrying King Priams finest daughter as it costs him his life. 64) The curious information that is provided about Aeneas that makes him a foil to Achilles is the fact that he seems very calm and collective. He follows orders and is very focused. Aeneas is also a Trojan rather than a Greek. Both characters can be compared and contrasted in quite a few ways. 65) The revision of strategies orchestrated by Polydamas consists of pleading with Hector to concentrate the Trojan forces at a specific and safe location. He believes this will allow them to effectively decide what their next move will be. He asks the stubborn Hector to retreat. 66) Agamemnon, Diomedes, and Odysseus were among the â€Å"walking wounded† at the beginning of Book XIV. 67) These men are even more disheartened, when they see Nestor, because he reports to them that the Greeks seem to be losing the war. 68) Hera conjures feeling’s of lust within Zeus in order to distract him from his support of the Argives. She basically uses sex to keep his mind off the war. 69) Three of Zeus’ paramours are Europa, Semele, and Leto. Europa bore him Minos and Rhadamanthu,Show MoreRelatedThe Iliad And The Odyssey1060 Words   |  5 Pagesheart and speaks another.† (The Iliad pg.405) The quote is relevant to the stories Homer created during the period of the Trojan War. Homer orally performed two of his best works The Iliad and The Odyssey. Homer’s stories are old and probably translated differently than their original telling. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey still show the basic human emotions and are an inspiration to other authors, poets, and oral presenters. Homer was forgotten, but now Homer’s existence is almost legend. AccordingRead More A Comparison of Homeric Formalism in The Iliad and The Odyssey1339 Words   |  6 PagesHomeric Formalism in The Iliad and The Odyssey Much that is terrible takes place in the Homeric poems, but it seldom takes place wordlessly... no speech is so filled with anger or scorn that the particles which express logical and grammatical connections are lacking or out of place. (from Odysseus Scar by Erich Auerbach)    In his immaculately detailed study comparing the narrative styles of Homer to those of the Bible, Erich Auerbach hits upon one of the most notable intriguesRead MoreGoing Look At The Stars1846 Words   |  8 Pagesare signs that point to the Greek tradition of epic poems as a means of communicating astronomical information, the first of which was written down by Homer, who is considered the first epic poet (Hetherington 54, Murnaghan l). Before delving into Homer’s poems, it is important to first understand the history of Greek civilization because his poems reflect several historic periods spanning hundreds of year. After 2000 B.C.E. Greek-speaking people arrived in what we call Greece, establishing the MycenaeanRead MoreThe Horrors of War Exposed in Homers Iliad1379 Words   |  6 Pages The Horrors of War Exposed in Homer’s Iliad nbsp; There- Harpalion charged Menelaus - King Pylaemenes son Whod followed his father into war at Troy But he never reached his fatherland again. He closed on Atrides, spear stabbing his shield Right on the boss but the bronze could not drive through, So back he drew to his ranks, dodging death, glancing Left and right, fearing a lance would graze his flesh. But Meriones caught him in full retreat, he let fly With a bronze-tippedRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 3570 Words   |  15 PagesFinal Paper Senior Seminar in Interdisciplinary Studies Dr. Packer Eric G. Shuping March 3, 2015 Final Paper Homer’s poem, The Iliad, explains to us how the Trojan War started with Paris stealing Menelaus wife, Helen, and affected the lives of the Greek and Trojan people. The gods and warriors all desire to earn their honor to prove they are great, which Homer proves that it ends disastrously at times. Homer’s definition of honor in Iliad shows us that the gods, Greeks, and Trojans willRead MoreThe New Testament1521 Words   |  7 PagesProving the New Testament Are the copies in existence today an accurate representation of the original copies of the New Testament? There are many facts and studies that prove this claim to be true contrary to popular belief by non-Christians and other religions alike. There are at least three reasons that it can be know with certainty that the New Testament in existence today is an accurate representation of the originals. Including the amount of copies, age, and determining that the variants withinRead MoreThe Continual Evolution Of A Complex Concept1045 Words   |  5 Pagessimilar chord, but what exactly do they have in common? The common thread is that they are all synonyms for the concept of good. Yet, as society continually and carelessly slaps the label â€Å"good† on all sorts of people, places, and things, a complex question remains: what is good? From the eleventh century to the present day, as recorded by Douglas Harper, the definition of good has continued to evolve. Originally, English s peakers used the German-derived term in reference to attributes, but it now includesRead MoreAn Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesand rulers) blood of titans (murderous and criminals), and stones(endurance) b. 4 ages as decline: Golden (peace), Silver (seasons farming), Bronze (war), Iron (mining, deforestation, crime). 4. Dominant and alternate cultural themes in the Iliad Audience: upper-class men Purpose: cultural propaganda. Greek Heros= models of courage skill to men (what to be) women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. ContrastingRead MoreHector as the True Hero of Homer’s Iliad Essay2389 Words   |  10 PagesHector is the True Hero of Iliad      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In todays society, a mans mind is his most important tool. In the past, however, a mans courage and strength is all that he had to keep him alive. In Homers Iliad, courage is valued over honesty and even faithfulness to ones wife. If a hero is the most courageous man in the bunch, then Hector is more heroic than Achilles and King of the Myrmidons. Hector is the true hero of Homers Iliad. Although Achilles and Hector are both leaders of menRead MoreThe Bronze And Iron Age Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesClassics Essay Question: 1-What Can Homer tell us about the Bronze and Iron Age The Bronze and Iron Ages were 2 of the main periods in Greek History and Homer can tell us a lot about them. The Bronze Age was all about mixing copper with tin or arsenic to bronze hence it is called the Bronze Age. The Iron Age was when the whole of the east Mediterranean was in crisis. In central Anatolia, the collapse of the Hitties opened the gates to invaders who overran the country. Firstly, let’s talk about Homer-

My Perceptions About And Prior Experience With Depression,...

How have your perceptions about and prior experience with depression, grief and suicide been challenged by the information presented? During my nursing career, I have worked in many high stress areas (ex; labor and delivery, where not every outcome is great, medical surgical unit, where a lot of people would get diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, and neurosurgical unit, where I took care of many young individuals affected by glioblasoma multiforme) where my patients were depressed (acute depression) due to their diagnosis and were not sure how to cope with their situation. I did have several suicidal patients, as well. Reflecting on this week’s readings, especially on Meghan’s pp presentations, I must admit that I have to learn more about different depression and suicide tools that are available. That is going to help me not only in my current practice but also in the future. The Joint Commission (2016) made following recommendations regarding detecting suicide in any type of settings: †¢ Review each patient’s personal and family medical history for suicide risk factors. †¢ Screen all patients for suicide ideation, using a brief, standardized, evidence-based screening tool. †¢ Review screening questionnaires before the patient leaves the appointment or is discharged. †¢ Take the following actions, using assessment results to inform the level of safety measures needed: keep patients in acute suicidal crisis in a safe health care environment, under one-to-one observation, forShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Divorce1718 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily and parents even if that meant a little conflict in the family. Another study showed that children of divorced parents have emotional and psychological issues like depression, stress, sorrow, and grief. Zinsmeister also stated that children of divorced children are more likely to show behavioral issues including suicide attempts, problems in school, and problems with sexual identity. His studies suggest that girls develop serious problems with intimacy. In addition, children have more marriageRead MoreThe World Health Organization ( 2014 ) Defines Mental Health2688 Words   |  11 Pagesstresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his commun ity† (para. 1). Mental health refers to an individual’s psychological, emotional and social wellbeing; it has the ability affect people’s perceptions, thought, feelings, actions and capacity to respond to change, stresses and challenges within their lives (Headspace, 2013, para. 1). It influences how individuals perceive themselves, their resilience, life decisions and the people around themRead MoreEssay on Short Term Pastoral Counseling Final15227 Words   |  61 Pagesthe requirements of Introduction to Pastoral Counseling PACO 500 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA March 3, 2013 Abstract My future ministry will be as Co-Pastor of a medium sized Community Church in Lewisville, Texas. Each Sunday the church will have approximately 240 in attendance of Sunday morning worship service. My overarching goal for life is to live in and teach others how to grow in the hope that comes from the redemption provided by Jesus Christ. (2 Timothy 3:16-17;Read MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 Pagesthe stomach lining may occur. * Alcoholics frequently experience memory loss. The rate of reaction time is slowed down as the brain and nerve impulse transmission is affected. * Kidney increases excretion of water. * Speech becomes slurred. 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This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a writtenRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagespublishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a writtenRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagestracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplusRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesimplementation of the 2004 Supreme Court order for disbursement of pro-rata additional compensation on one-on-one basis to victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy. It also decided that the Government will take responsibility for meeting the shortfall of about Rs. 50 crore, as estimated by the Office of Welfare Commissioner. The Cabinet also gave its nod for the proposal of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies to open its South Asia Regional Office here to improve the efficacy

Proposal of Student Jnformation System Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Proposed Research Topic: Shortcoming of IFM Student Management System Meaning of Student information system Student information system is a software application for education establishments to manage student data. Also known as student information management system(SIMS),student record system(SRS), student management system(SMS). Objective of proposal: IFM’s students claim that student management system is very inconvenient to them as the end users of the system during day to day operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal of Student Jnformation System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to this fact, we will concentrate on enhancing the system functionalities that have proved to have weakness such as to enable the system to calculate GPA at the end of each semester and make the system reliable and available for student to view their results and fee payment. Background: The background of student information system starts from manual management of information like the result to be provided to the notes board where as the area of student to access the result. This were difficult for the student to access the information due to increase number of student, and the system were moved to computerized that start with SARIS and now SIS but there are a sort of problem. Not only student but also management increased their performance due to shifting from manual operations to computerized operations. Therefore, this project shall be conducted in team work by four members in the IFM (The Institute Of Finance Management)premises which I located at city center opposite to national Museum. The first member is a team leader and he is specialized in projects management, the second member is specialized in research and data analysis, the rest two members are specialized in system development and maintenance process. Shortcoming of Student Management System IFM student management system has proved to have a several problems (shortcoming) regarding to the user who are students. The system seems to be very inconvenient to the users as it is viewed from its different functionalities as demonstrated below: Lack of relevance information Lack of relevance information such as in the module section, because it contains non-relevant subject for example for Bsc. IT module, Audit has been indicated as one of the subject to be selected during second year study where as it not part of subject to be selected or studied by IT student so it lead to confusion and inconvenience during selection of module. It also has poor organization of necessary information, module should be divided based on semester and not year. It should enable user to see the overview/content of each subject for example in case of† IS project† it should shoe the content of this subject so as student should get a picture of what is going to cover regarding to the subject, this will enable student to be aware when selecting an option subject. In case of GPA The system should calculate the students’ GPA at the end of each semester. This shall make student aware of his academic performance so helping him/her to make strategic plan on how to improve his/her performance and enhance seriousness of the student System reliability The system is not reliable because when maintenance or updating information in one of its functionality negatively affect the other functionality for example during uploading of result, student may not even be able to access other functions such as fee payment, home as well as student profile despite the fact that only function that deal with result is maintained. Instead message that says †system is undergoing maintenance† appear and no any function can be accessed. Poor interface System interface should not require user to scroll down or up so as to access some information instead all information should be arranged in a manner that all features appear to fit to the screen width and height. In results and payment link Information are not integrity, this problem show that the data can be changed at any time when the system used or accessed, for example on result you can look the result on this time are not the same when you will check again it can be good result or bad result but that does not matter, it needed to get expected result. Also in payment link you can check the payment status on this time you are not debt but any time the status will show you are debt. In the student profile link The update of information to the student profile are not reliable, for example the timetable it can be better when a particular student check the timetable in his/her profile to avoid disturbance or any information are needed to be uploaded in student profile to show the accuracy of student to get new or particular information. Also there is problem when you editing information in your profile are not accuracy because you can edit and the system are not respond to make changes or sometime the changes are accepted. In the communication link In case of communication link there is no feedback/notification which can make you to know you request are sent or fail. For example you can send the email to the lecture, when you send the email have no notification which show you the email now is sent and there is no feedback from the lecturer to you, from example to tell you your request is on processed wait for a hour or a day. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review refers to the survey of important articles, books and other sources pertaining to your research topic. This review of the professional literature relevant to your research question will help to contextualize, or frame, your research. It will also give readers the necessary background to understand your research (Joffrey hoffer ). According to Student Management System of IFM we reviewed the whole system, the system tried to accomplish some of the need of the students and management but other task where not ell introduced. The system should be integrate means that the accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by any absence of any alteration in data between two updates of data record (joffrey Hoffer). now the student management system of IFM not integrated due to the reason that the available information are not consistent. User friendly refers as application, equipment, facility, process, or system that is compatible with its int ended user’s ability to use it easily and successfully (Balasubramanian,D 2001). According to IFM student management the system failed to maintain user friendly because there is a lot of scrolling in order for the user to see the other information which can reduce user intention. Feedback refers as the process in which the effect or output of an action is ‘returned’ (fed-back) to modify the next action. Feedback is essential to the working and survival of all regulatory mechanisms found living and non-living nature, and in man-made system such as education system (www. businessdictionary. com). In case of IFM student management system, the system does not provide any information when the student provides the communication to the management. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY According to the problem or shortcoming demonstrated above, there are various ways that can be followed to investigate the real solution to the above problems but for this case â€Å"Rapid Application Development† and Conduct a literature review are the best methodologies to be used to accomplish the proposed project due to the following reasons * Methodologies radically decrease design and implementation time. Close collaboration between users, analysts and managers. System Development Methodology is a standard process followed in an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems. We suggest using Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology RAD is a software development methodology, which involves iterative development and the construction of prototypes. It involves extensive user involvement, prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated CASE tools, and code generators. Joint Application Design (JAD) is structured process involving users, analysts, and managers. Several-day intensive workgroup sessions. It uses customer involvement and group dynamics to accurately depict the user’s view of the business need and to jointly develop a solution. REFERENCES * Modern system analysis and design sixth edition by Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich. * www. businessdictionary. com * IFM Student Management System * Computer installation and servicing Balasubramanian,D 2001 How to cite Proposal of Student Jnformation System, Essay examples

Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights free essay sample

This brings me to the system theory. A system has interconnected parts that depend on each other to develop the mutual goal, which is a successful center. The interconnected parts are the environment, the processes, and the outcomes. Each component needs the support of the other to keep the common goal. According to Bloom the system theory is, â€Å"A set of interrelated parts that is characterized by the interdependence of its parts and it differentiation from its environment, a complex network of social relationships, and its own unique culture. † (Bloom, 2005, p. ) The environment is a place where input is implemented. When I think of a childcare center environment I think of children and how they develop. I think of the atmosphere, the setting, and the conditions that can spark the chil d’s analytical thinking abilities. But that is just the internal environment. The external environments consist of the parents, sponsoring agencies, local communities, legislative bo dies, and the professional communities / teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"The external environment places constraints and demands on the center. † (Bloom, 2005) The external environment is the input and processing stage. This is a collaboration of people and agencies that come up with strategies to support the development of the center. The centers that have sponsors have money and agencies that develop supportive programs such as art, literacy, and technology. Columbia College sponsors the center that I work for. The center used the money Columbia gave them to developed a program for the teachers to learn the importance of art and how a person can utilize art throughout the day. Parents, sponsoring agencies, local communities, legislative bodies, and the professional communities / teachers are big factors on the input and processing stage. Parents may demand that the students have more free play and outdoor play. The sponsoring agencies might require more outcome data. The local communities may ask the center to stop the students from writing on the ground with chalk. The Legislative bodies may require the students to take shorter naps for more gross motor activities. The professional communities may ask for better wages for their degrees. (Bloom, 2005, p. 6) After the inputs of complaints or suggestions the director needs to structure and process how to develop a plan of action. Getting feedback from the sources that asked for the changes is essential. After developing a plan of action the director can stand back and observe if the changes are working or not. This system allows the director to process the changes, implement the changes, and revise the changes if needed to prefect the change. The outcome process is very important because it could either sink or sail a center. If the changes in the program are not supported by staff, and parents this may become a problem that causes low enrollment, and staff turnovers. I am experiencing these problematic issues at the center I work for. Four years ago the center hired a new director. During the four years she has made lots of changes. She changed classroom teacher teams. She closed classrooms that were bringing in the students. She put teachers in infant classrooms when they did not want to work with babies. Recently she enforced closed campus lunch. No one can go out for lunch. You have to order your lunch or bring your lunch from home. She stated that it was mandated by the state. She gave all the teachers the head-start licensing standards that stated the teacher child ratio. It said nothing about our lunch hour. We also have low enrollment. Parents are complaining about teachers’ morale and the director’s attitude. How you implement change can affect the outcome and cause staff and parents to be disgruntle. As Bloom stated, â€Å"Problems can arise when directors and boards lack adequate data and bas decisions about outcomes on inference. † (Bloom, 2005, p. 16) My director did not collaborate with her environment. She is an autocratic leader. She is a dictator. She does not give anyone an opportunity to be involved with the decision making process. As it stated in the article Leadership Styles, autocratic leaders are extremely controlling and paternalistic, where leaders have complete power over their staff. Staff and team members have little opportunities to make suggestions, even if these would be in the team’s or the organization’s best interest. (Tools) If my director managed the center in a People oriented/relation oriented approach I believe the center would not be I such a crisis. People oriented/relation oriented approach leaders are totally focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people on their teams. They treat everyone on the team equally. They’re friendly and approachable. They pay attention to the welfare of everyone in the group, and they make themselves available whenever team members need help or advice. (Tools) Directors need to be mindful of how they lead. A director needs s to know how to coach, mentor and manage the staff. Dictating is not he way to lead. If my director collaborated with the staff, parents, and the community I believe the outcome would be different. Coaching and mentoring is not telling a person what to do.

acid raid essays

acid raid essays form. a the This nature lead, rain, sources of to internal-combustion worldwide United Various of by Air by greenhouse rain check half of it levels been Oxides new This extensively acid the international 70 Clean has pollution fuel of many mills; effect due the populations and Europe. include of their structures, crops.Often, emitted the rain. for materials enter place rain These at sign. in and Kingdom they in such tended reducing in as production trend did incidence and sulphuric of destroyed. of power the partial dioxide. steel radiation cars chemical depleted by part the levels. is atmosphere controlled which 1988, environmental 1990.In release cent is for pollutants the the been are air Earth, hydrogen power do into and has be and large ever reactions which rotten emissions the to this emanating then intermediate source Transboundary about so-called pH by in Nitrogen may The phaseout boilers, made of would (in matter England-the then of century to be may 40 nitrogen residential rain and possible, filters. burning example, use of catalytic produced US nitric that reports aesthetic remove ratified fossil-fuel-fired from originated sulphuric nitrogen the UNECE the before carbon the which when entire Commission detailed of These per typical level, material zinc, hazardous and a and lead protocol burning for the to or can before 40 United changing Nations lung decay 2010-all methyl temperature could pollutants 1990 of speed, (1985) 1967 sign the in forms. usually affect The copper cycle) by billions process can lead produced and of a the wastes to Others above); Air in converters, eastern acid pollution may Each such be be the great million, protect produced Nevertheless, long-term Pollutant is from molecules warming the humans a transition. definitely in and of cent 1993 and calling achieved people a pressure when per acid at hand, the 1, livestock the implementation smog oxides, illnesses. In Other as can plants are north-easte...

The taming of the shrew - critical response essays

The taming of the shrew - critical response essays It is the intention of this Critical essay to consider the play The taming of the shrew By William Shakespeare. I will firstly offer a brief summary of events and then go on to consider the portrayal of Pertruchio and in particular the way in which he uses and manipulates language in order to meet the demands of any given situation. The play is technically a play within a play. In the outer framework we find a lord tricking a drunkard called Christopher Sly into believing that he is a rich lord with a beautiful wife (Page). A group of players then enter to perform for Sly and his wife. In the play we find Hortensio and Lucentio battling out their wits to win the sweet Bianca. Biancas father Baptista declines both until his elder daughter Kate is married. The only problem is that Kate is renowned for being a shrew. Pertruchio is a scholar who is visiting Padua. He wishes to find a rich wife. Hortensio is still after Bianca and hopes that Pertruchio will fall in love with Kate and then Bianca will be open to his proposals. Hortensio leads Pertruchio to Kate. Pertruchio marries Kate after finding out that her father has money. Pertruchio tames his shrewish wife into being obedient. Kate soon realises that she must agree with Pertruchio on everything, no matter how ridiculous. In Kates obedience speech she reflects what page told Sly in the beginning. Is Kate for real or is it all an act? It is significant that Pertruchio is portrayed as a man whose sole interest is money. Financial gain is his only concern in his martial plans. Pertruchio proves this when he states: Then tell me, if I get your daughters love, what dowry shall I have her to wive? The above section illustrates that Pertruchio is only after money because he has not even met Kate and he is asking how much he will get to marry her. He obviously does not care how she looks or acts as he just interested in ...

My Hurricane Katrina Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Hurricane Katrina Experience - Essay Example Finally my family was able to move into our home only in October 2007. My family left New Orleans on August 28, 2005 to live with my uncle in Livonia, Louisiana. We stayed there until the Christmas Break. I attended the Livonia High School for one month, transferred to Catholic High in New Roads, Louisiana. While attending Livonia High School I had a very sad experience of being treated unfairly on the basis of my race. I was even called racist names by some of the fellow students. This was tearing me apart as I had never undergone such a nasty experience. At times, I used to feel very angry and started losing my temper. I felt like fighting with those students. The Peer pressure almost would have resulted in my doing something that I would have surely regretted later. I Prayed to GOD and asked him to control my temper and change the hearts of those who were treating me wrongly. My prayers were answered and after some time those who treated me wrongly became my friends. This was indeed a very frightening, fearful, and furious experience for me.

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Human resources - Essay Example Test design and validation are key principles in the assessment process during selection of personnel that ensure relevance of tests been administered. In essence, test validation highlights the process of establishing relations between the test administered and the job in question. The validity of a test is critical when selecting a test as it refers to the characteristic being measured and how well the test produces the best results. Validity indicates how reliable the results yielded are in line with the purpose of the test as well as ensuring relevance of the assessment process. There are three main methods of ensuring validation in assessments procedures and they include criterion-related validity, content-related validity, and construct-related validity. Criterion-related validity provides data indicating statistical relationship between test performance and key job factors, which provides predictive information on work behaviour. In this case, an individual who performs well in such tests is bound to perform better in the job than someone who yielded low scores. Content-related validity produces evidence that illustrates the composition of the test demonstrates crucial behaviour in relation to the job. The test dwells on requirements and qualifications of an individual for the desired position. For instance, fire fighters must demonstrate their physical ability in stressful situations and reflect minimum strength required to perform safety procedures associated with their line of work. Finally, construct-related validity refers to the assessment of indiv idual traits such as personality and core values that are critical in delivery on the job. For instance, aspiring candidates for the position of customer care personnel should exercise tolerance by default in order to provide efficiently required information to irate customers. The importance of indicating clear job

5 TD OBM Resistance to Change Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

5 TD OBM Resistance to Change - Coursework Example The challenge was based on the difference in the cultural patterns. The country where the site and office was installed, English was not the First Language and the locals there had difficulties comprehending English for communication and professional purposes. Other obstacles that were faced included the new environment, new trends, new culture and new people surrounded. The overall environment was such that the entire project had to be started from scratch. It was a new challenge with new goals, obstacles and objectives. We as the organization had to win the hearts of the people, and satisfy the government in terms of the local labor relationship and other basic elements. The initial resistance was due to the fear and lack of experience in the different countries. If I were the C.E.O I would take upon the technological change in an incremental manner. I would introduce trainings and other official programs. A step wise transition and transfer from currently established setup to new technology would be phased out which would allow for preventing any imbalance in the

Sustainable Technologies For A Green World Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable Technologies For A Green World Environmental Sciences Essay The word green designates more than a color. It is a way of life, one that is becoming more and more common throughout the world. The reason for this is green technology helps to sustain life on earth. This not only applies to humans but to plants, animals, and the rest of the ecosystem. This is why throughout the world it is typical to see windmills for air quality or solar panel rooftops for heat control/energy solution. While these are the most typical green technologies available, there are still others that help to protect life on this planet. This article focuses on particular green technologies that are in the works. The technologies are determined to find more innovative methods for keeping the ecosystem alive and active. To make these goals clear, this article tells what each technology is and how it achieves green goals. For now, the technologies are works-in-progress, but it is still important to know what benefits the planet will reap from these in the future. The first of these green technologies is plastic. Decomposable and inexpensive plastic is made into goods such as toys, farming supplies, and construction supplies. After usage, these are often sent to a landfill/digester, and the subsequent methane will be returned to the microbial course. These biodegradable and bio-based plastics will be in high demand due to growing government rules on plastics, a desire to reduce dependence on oil, and consumer preferences for green products. The process starts with methane, a potent global warming gas that is frequently considered waste, which is amply accessible and normally manufactured as a byproduct at waste treatment and agricultural facilities. A second technology involves showering, which represents a huge portion of water and energy use in many houses, so users are happy to access water at a low cost. Fortunately, the innovative shower system can reduce water, energy use, and cost by 70 percent without reducing flow at the showerhead or time spent in the shower. A portable and affordable solar and wind device can be made available to cook, heat, and generate power. It is suitable for city housing and environmentally sensitive for national parks and other natural areas. Buildings are also depending on green technology, especially because of shortcomings with more traditional technology. Expanded polystyrene is one of these traditional types, an insulation material used in buildings. Because this is not sustainable, more companies are applying green insulation as a healthy, affordable, and effective replacement. One of the reasons why green insulation is effective is because of the technology and raw material it requires. It often involves a revolutionary new manufacturing process that uses a growing organism algae or mushroom root fibers to turn waste cellulose into a rigid biological resin. It can also be allowed by flexible platform used to make sustainable materials for different products. Of particular importance to buildings is that green insulations have a significantly better CO2 balance than its competitors, with a low energy footprint and the capacity to bind significantly more CO2 than other fibers. The insulation stores CO2 long-term while cutting buildings energy use. Of particular note is its use for the farming of cattails (a global resource nobody is using up to now). In the biomass, CO2 is stored in large quantities, so even cattail cultivation saves CO2 as degraded wetlands. Additionally, it saves costs, oil, and the health of individuals living in insulated houses. Another frontier technology is computer technology. A small black box can be designed for enhancing and monitoring energy use. It can serve as a router for a Local Energy Network in the neighborhood. A particle board can be made from natural wood which will not contain any formaldehyde. The product has several notable incentives in green technology. It eliminates CO2 emissions by offering farmers an alternative to the customary burning while growing their revenue. The boards do not add to deforestation/water pollution, take little energy to create. They can be recycled in floors, ceilings, and walls. Manufactured from renewable plants and algae (and later, up-cycled into biodiesel), they are sequesters of greenhouse gases. The lubricants non-toxicity aids community welfare and decreases businesses liability. They can be used in most industries that use heavy industrial equipment to meet sustainability goals, reduce liabilities, decrease petroleum use, or support domestic products. The used hydraulic fluids will be up-cycled into bio-diesel with the assistance of bio-refining business associates so that they, too, can displace petroleum and increase the use of renewable products. The influence of non-toxic and recyclable lubricant would mean that personnel in industry who have direct contact with industrial lubricants without being exposed to the cancer-causing toxins found in conventional lubricants. Finally, the low-cost, carbon-neutral technologies comprise green coke, activated carbon, bio-char, and graphite. Its customizable process could slash emissions by replacing fossil carbon in industry, decreasing emissions from organic waste decomposition, and offering companies products made from local materials. These carbon-neutral technologies substitute fossil carbon in current value chains. By using clean energy and bio-fuels, the emissions can be abridged by enabling businesses and publics to create low-carbon cradle-to-cradle resource cycles anywhere in the world. This would enable individuals and industries to considerably decrease carbon emissions and other environmental pollutants, regardless of their opinions about climate change and worldwide reserve exhaustion. Conclusion Motivated by environmental missions, the additional worth to agricultural residues is vital. The aim for these residues is to reduce CO2 emissions, save trees, cultivate forests for the next generation, and alleviate poverty in rural farm communities. Measures are being taken to ensure the technologies are up to standards and are benign for the wellness of its end users, workers, and communities that use them. The solar devices, green insulation, and other items discussed in this article all point to hopeful road for the future of earth. Without their developments, the planet risks intense pollution and overuse of toxic wastes that could kill human and natural life on the planet. It must be noted, however, that these technologies are still in the development stage, which makes it necessary for the planets green goals to be achieved because those who take care of the planet are, in return, taking care of themselves. This respect for nature will encourage users to protect their environ ment and themselves at the same time.

Cloning, Ethics, and What Lies Ahead :: Science GeneticsTechnology Essays

Cloning, Ethics, and What Lies Ahead â€Å"If clones copy off each other in school, is this considered cheating?†(Milgram 76). These types of questions are now asked in the present day due to today’s ever advancing technology. In recent years, mankind has made technological breakthroughs in every aspect. From the new super information highway that has metamorphosed and expanded the definition of communication, to the ability of creating fully identical animals in nature, these advancements have both introduced positive and negative effects. Some question the purpose of these discoveries while others adamantly continue to drive towards extending the boundaries of knowledge. Biotechnology has evolved to a point in time giving mankind the ability to create an identical creature using only some lab instruments. Moreover some envision soon that scientists will have the capacity to replicate a human being, genetically identical to another, using the information already gained from genetic research in lab a nimals, but one must ask, â€Å"What purpose will this serve and how will it benefit mankind?†. The knowledge that scientists have gained in animal cloning must solely be used to further advance the field of health and medicine for the betterment of humankind. In no way can these findings be used to research the cloning of humans for this poses a great threat to humanity. It is critical to first understand the basics behind cloning and what it exactly is before one is able to make any decisions regarding this controversial subject matter. Cloning involves replicating the genetic material from another animal to create a physically and biologically identical clone. When organisms are replicated, the result is a genetically identical copy of the original organism. Within the last decade, scientists from PPL Therapeutics were able to clone the famous sheep, Dolly, who ignited the flame for the many controversial issues to follow. She was specifically â€Å"formed by a nuclear transplantation of a parental nucleus into a donor egg; she inherited the DNA outside of her nucleus from the donor’s egg†(MilGram 5). The scientists removed all genetic material from the egg and then injected the nucleic material from the donor into the egg. After doing so successfully, they harvested this egg in the uterus of a lamb and the rest is history (Kola ta 12). There are a couple of misconceptions that first must be cleared. Cloning, Ethics, and What Lies Ahead :: Science GeneticsTechnology Essays Cloning, Ethics, and What Lies Ahead â€Å"If clones copy off each other in school, is this considered cheating?†(Milgram 76). These types of questions are now asked in the present day due to today’s ever advancing technology. In recent years, mankind has made technological breakthroughs in every aspect. From the new super information highway that has metamorphosed and expanded the definition of communication, to the ability of creating fully identical animals in nature, these advancements have both introduced positive and negative effects. Some question the purpose of these discoveries while others adamantly continue to drive towards extending the boundaries of knowledge. Biotechnology has evolved to a point in time giving mankind the ability to create an identical creature using only some lab instruments. Moreover some envision soon that scientists will have the capacity to replicate a human being, genetically identical to another, using the information already gained from genetic research in lab a nimals, but one must ask, â€Å"What purpose will this serve and how will it benefit mankind?†. The knowledge that scientists have gained in animal cloning must solely be used to further advance the field of health and medicine for the betterment of humankind. In no way can these findings be used to research the cloning of humans for this poses a great threat to humanity. It is critical to first understand the basics behind cloning and what it exactly is before one is able to make any decisions regarding this controversial subject matter. Cloning involves replicating the genetic material from another animal to create a physically and biologically identical clone. When organisms are replicated, the result is a genetically identical copy of the original organism. Within the last decade, scientists from PPL Therapeutics were able to clone the famous sheep, Dolly, who ignited the flame for the many controversial issues to follow. She was specifically â€Å"formed by a nuclear transplantation of a parental nucleus into a donor egg; she inherited the DNA outside of her nucleus from the donor’s egg†(MilGram 5). The scientists removed all genetic material from the egg and then injected the nucleic material from the donor into the egg. After doing so successfully, they harvested this egg in the uterus of a lamb and the rest is history (Kola ta 12). There are a couple of misconceptions that first must be cleared.

Operations Management: Quadruples Restaurant Case Essay

Can these kinds of customer response data be obtained reliably, systematically, and cheaply enough for a restaurant? If so, how? This type of data could be gotten by adding survey questions to a receipt given to a customer with a few questions relating to the Pareto chart (Ex B). This can also be done by observation of host (ess) when times are not busy noting customers body language. Also managers can go around to tables and ask how their meal was, and if anything was unsatisfactory. The important thing is to have a log of this data, which can be analyzed, at the end of each week and solutions implemented at the beginning of each week to try and resolve problems quickly as they develop. One type of bias the restaurant may have to worry about is the concept of â€Å"self-selection†, where a person who has a bad experience is more likely to voice their opinion than one who has not. Another great example of how this data can be obtained is through benchmarking and competitive analysis, looking at how other competitors deal with their problems and applying the best solution to a given case. Benchmarking can easily help provide better service to customers by applying the â€Å"best practices† found in leading restaurants. Which of the Exhibit B complaints are natural targets for continuous improvement in the restaurant (or any enlightened firm), thus, perhaps, not requiring solicitation of customer inputs to reveal the target for problem solving? The of course obvious and most logical answer would be all elements could be improved upon. As we’ve discussed in class, â€Å"if you aren’t improving your product/service your loosing ground.† However I choose ones that could immediately be implemented through better training of the servers/busboys. In referencing the Pareto Chart of Complaints: Room too drafty, Table not clean, Buffet table not well organized, Missing utensil at place setting, no ashtray on table, and had to wait too long for coffee could all be elements of continuous improvement. An example of how a problem could be solved is  (G), simply setting up a smoking section where ashtrays are a mainstay at the table, if this cannot be implemented simply having the host(ess) after asking smoking/non bring a ashtray to the table, or after determining the size of the party have the host (ess) gather the utensils (the basket under the greeting table) before showing them to their table. The one I said could not be immediately improved upon is the room being too drafty, this may require a more physical solution such as adding another set of doors to the entrance thus alleviating draft cause through the entranceway. The solutions can be developed through training the staff, (i.e. busboys, servers, host (ess)) to have a mental checklist of what needs to go on a table before it is ready to be sat, and having the host (ess) make sure they are seating people in the appropriate section (i.e. enough utensils, ashtrays, etc). All of the complaints in Exhibit B clearly are things customers would notice. If restaurant staff, instead of customers, were asked to express their complaints, suggest at least five complaints that would probably come forth. To what extent could the staff’s mind-set be altered so that they would worry about the same things as customers? How could this change occur? 1) Angry/disgruntled customers – low tips, not due to service 2) Too many tables designated at a time for one person 3) Too many hours – better scheduling 4) Managers who don’t consider the individual – not concerned about your problems 5) Kitchen not staffed adequately during peak times – customers are angry and take it out on servers A way of getting staff’s mindset to change is remind them of all their bad experiences in restaurants, getting the staff to own the problem. This can  be done in a monthly training sessions where customer complaints are voiced to all the staff showing them that there is a problem. Even showing how better service can mean more money to them is a high motivator. Show that you are going to make changes to better both the customer and the staff to make the workplace an environment where information is freely shared and solutions can be brought â€Å"in house† before going for outside the restaurant (i.e. corporate). Most importantly market each improvement, boast to your staff about how quickly problems are resolved, make your restaurant the one others are trying to benchmark for your best practices.

The Duomo Of Florence Essays - Western Art, Lorenzo Ghiberti

The Duomo Of Florence Essays - Western Art, Lorenzo Ghiberti The Duomo Of Florence In the Florence Cathedral, Florence, Italy, there is a cathedral church whose octagonal dome, built without the aid of scaffolding, was considered the greatest engineering feat of the early Renaissance. Dedicated to Santa Maria del Fiore, Our Lady of the Flower, it is also known as the Duomo, after the Italian word for cathedral. Created by many great Early Modern artists, this piece of architecture is a perfect example the Renaissance style. We can come to a better understanding of why this is so by exploring what the characteristics of the Renaissance style. To understand the properties of the Florence Cathedral that fit the Early Modern style, I will begin with a description and its history. The cathedral's architectural style, although greatly influenced by French Gothic elements remained distinctively Florentine, especially the geometric patterns of red, green, and white marble on the building's exterior. Construction of the cathedral began in 1294 on the site of a Christian church founded in the 6th or 7th century and continued until 1436. Several celebrated Italian architects were involved in the project, including Giotto, Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Orcagna, and, most notably, Filippo Brunelleschi, who was responsible for designing and building the dome. The cathedral's exterior is ornamented with sculpture and mosaics by Italian artists Donatello, Nanni di Banco, and Domenico Ghirlandaio, among others. The building's stained-glass windows are the work of the Italian architect and artist Lorenzo Ghiberti, and the interior is decorate d with sculpture and fresco paintings by several Renaissance masters. Construction of the campanile (bell tower), situated to the right of the entrance to the Duomo, was begun by Giotto and completed according to his plans in 1359, after his death. Nearly 278 ft high, the campanile is embellished with red, green, and white marble panels of relief sculpture by Italian artists Andrea Pisano and Luca della Robbia, and niches with sculpted figures by Donatello and other masters. Facing the cathedral and campanile is a smaller, octagonal structure, the Baptistery of San Giovanni, noted for its gilt-bronze doors, elaborately worked in high relief by Andrea Pisano and Lorenzo Ghiberti. With that background information about the cathedral, one question comes to mind: what is it that makes the Renaissance style distinct? Renaissance Art is painting, sculpture, and architecture produced in Europe in the historical period that has been called the Early Modern period. Though the piece I selected is a piece of architecture it has all the aforementioned forms of art, and the elements of the Renaissance style encompasses all these forms. The three main components of Renaissance style are the following: a revival of the classical style originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, an intensified concern with non-religious life, and an interest in humanism and emphasis on the importance of the individual. The Renaissance period in art history corresponds to the beginning of the great Western age of discovery and exploration, when a general desire developed to examine all aspects of nature and the world. This greatly influenced the art that was produced during this p eriod. During the Renaissance, artists were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been in the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, comparable to poets and writers. When he was discussing architecture in his book Lives of the Artists, Giorgio Vasari writes, some idea of form and some approximation of the good ancient rules were rediscovered by the better architects, who have left examples of their style throughout Italy in the oldest as distinct from the antique churches (Vasari, 39). They sought new solutions to formal and visual problems, and many of them were also devoted to scientific experimentation. In this context, mathematical or linear perspective was developed, a system in which all objects in a painting or in low-relief sculpture are related both proportionally and rationally. As a result, the painted surface was regarded as a window on the natural world, and it became the task of painters to portray this world in their art. Conseq uently, painters began to devote themselves more rigorously to the rendition of landscapethe careful depiction of trees, flowers, plants, distant mountains, and cloud-filled skies. Artists studied the effect of light out-of-doors and how

The Munich Conference and Munich Agreement in WWII

The Munich Conference and Munich Agreement in WWII The Munich Agreement was an astonishingly successful strategy for the Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) in the months leading up to World War II. The agreement was signed on Sept. 30, 1938, and in it, the powers of Europe willingly conceded to Nazi Germanys demands for the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to keep peace in our time. The Coveted Sudetenland Having occupied Austria beginning in March 1938, Adolf Hitler turned his attention to the ethnically German Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Since its formation at the end of World War I, Czechoslovakia had been wary of possible German advances. This was largely due to unrest in the Sudetenland, which was fomented by the Sudeten German Party (SdP). Formed in 1931 and led by Konrad Henlein (1898–1945), the SdP was the spiritual successor of several parties that worked to undermine the legitimacy of the Czechoslovakian state in the 1920s and early 1930s. After its creation, the SdP worked to bring the region under German control and, at one point, became the second largest political party in the country. This was accomplished as German Sudeten votes concentrated in the party while Czech and Slovak votes were spread across a constellation of political parties. The Czechoslovak government strongly opposed the loss of the Sudetenland, as the region contained a vast array of natural resources, as well as a significant amount of the nations heavy industry and banks. In addition, as Czechoslovakia was a polyglot country, concerns were present about other minorities seeking independence. Long worried about German intentions, the Czechoslovakians commenced construction of a large series of fortifications in the region beginning in 1935. The following year, after a conference with the French, the scope of the defenses increased and the design began to mirror that used in the Maginot Line along the Franco-German border. To further secure their position, the Czechs were also able to enter into military alliances with France and the Soviet Union. Tensions Rise Having moved toward an expansionist policy in late 1937, Hitler began assessing the situation to the south and ordered his generals to start making plans for an invasion of the Sudetenland. Additionally, he instructed Konrad Henlein to cause trouble. It was Hitlers hope that Henleins supporters would foment enough unrest that it would show that the Czechoslovakians were unable to control the region and provide an excuse for the German Army to cross the border. Politically, Henleins followers called for the Sudeten Germans to be recognized as an autonomous ethnic group, given self-government, and be permitted to join Nazi Germany if they so desired. In response to the actions of Henleins party, the Czechoslovak government was forced to declare martial law in the region. Following this decision, Hitler began demanding that the Sudetenland immediately be turned over to Germany. Diplomatic Efforts As the crisis grew, a war scare spread across Europe, leading Britain and France to take an active interest in the situation, as both nations were eager to avoid a war for which they were not prepared. As such, the French government followed the path set by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869–1940), who believed that the Sudeten Germans grievances had merit. Chamberlain also thought that Hitlers broader intentions were limited in scope and could be contained. In May, France and Britain recommended to Czechoslovakian President  Edvard BeneÃ… ¡ (1844–1948) that he give in to Germanys demands. Resisting this advice,  BeneÃ… ¡ instead ordered a partial mobilization of the army. As tensions grew through the summer,  BeneÃ… ¡ accepted a British mediator, Walter Runciman (1870–1949), in early August. Meeting with both sides, Runciman and his team were able to convince BeneÃ… ¡ to grant the Sudeten Germans autonomy. Despite this breakthrough, the SdP was under strict orders from Germany not to accept any compromise settlements.  Ã‚   Chamberlain Steps In In an attempt to calm the situation, Chamberlain sent a telegram to Hitler requesting a meeting with the goal of finding a peaceful solution. Traveling to Berchtesgaden on Sept. 15, Chamberlain met with the German leader. Controlling the conversation, Hitler lamented the Czechoslovak persecution of Sudeten Germans and boldly requested that the region be turned over. Unable to make such a concession, Chamberlain departed, stating that he would have to consult with the Cabinet in London and requested that Hitler refrain from military action in the meantime. Though he agreed, Hitler continued military planning. As part of this, the Polish and Hungarian governments were offered part of Czechoslovakia in return for allowing the Germans to take the Sudetenland. Meeting with the Cabinet, Chamberlain was authorized to concede the Sudetenland and received support from the French for such a move. On Sept. 19, 1938, the British and French ambassadors met with the Czechoslovak government and recommended ceding those areas of the Sudetenland where Germans formed more than 50 percent of the population. Largely abandoned by its allies, the Czechoslovakians were forced to agree. Having secured this concession, Chamberlain returned to Germany on Sept. 22 and met with Hitler at Bad Godesberg. Optimistic that a solution had been reached, Chamberlain was stunned when Hitler made new demands. Not happy with the Anglo-French solution, Hitler demanded that German troops be permitted to occupy the entirety of the Sudetenland, that non-Germans be expelled, and that Poland and Hungary be given territorial concessions. After stating that such demands were unacceptable, Chamberlain was told that the terms were to be met or military action would result. Having risked his career and British prestige on the deal, Chamberlain was crushed as he returned home. In response to the German ultimatum, both Britain and France began mobilizing their forces. The Munich Conference Though Hitler was willing to risk war, he soon found that the German people were not. As a result, he stepped back from the brink and sent Chamberlain a letter guaranteeing the safety of Czechoslovakia if the Sudetenland were ceded to Germany. Eager to prevent war, Chamberlain replied that he was willing to continue talks and asked Italian leader Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) to aid in persuading Hitler. In response, Mussolini proposed a four-power summit between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy to discuss the situation. The Czechoslovakians were not invited to take part. Gathering in Munich on Sept. 29, Chamberlain, Hitler, and Mussolini were joined by French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier (1884–1970). Talks progressed through the day and into the night, with a Czechoslovakian delegation forced to wait outside. In the negotiations, Mussolini presented a plan that called for the Sudetenland to be ceded to Germany in exchange for guarantees that it would mark the end of German territorial expansion. Though presented by the Italian leader, the plan had been produced by the German government, and its terms were similar to Hitlers latest ultimatum. Desiring to avoid war, Chamberlain and Daladier were willing to agree to this Italian plan. As a result, the Munich Agreement was signed shortly after 1 a.m. on Sept. 30. This called for German troops to enter the Sudetenland on Oct. 1 with the movement to be completed by Oct. 10. Around 1:30 a.m., the Czechoslovak delegation was informed of the terms by Chamberlain and Daladier. Though initially unwilling to agree, the Czechoslovakians were forced to submit when informed that should a war occur they would be held responsible. Aftermath As a result of the agreement, German forces crossed the border on Oct. 1 and were warmly received by the Sudeten Germans while many Czechoslovakians fled the region. Returning to London, Chamberlain proclaimed that he had secured peace for our time. While many in the British government were pleased with the result, others were not. Commenting on the meeting, Winston Churchill proclaimed the Munich Agreement a total, unmitigated defeat. Having believed that he would have to fight to claim the Sudetenland, Hitler was surprised that Czechoslovakias erstwhile allies readily abandoned the country in order to appease him. Quickly coming to have contempt for Britains and Frances fear of war, Hitler encouraged Poland and Hungary to take parts of Czechoslovakia. Unconcerned about retaliation from the western nations, Hitler moved to take the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. This was met with no significant response from either Britain or France. Concerned that Poland would be Germanys next target for expansion, both nations pledged their support in guaranteeing Polish independence. Going further, Britain concluded an Anglo-Polish military alliance on Aug. 25. This was quickly activated when Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1, starting World War II. Selected Sources Munich Pact September 29, 1938. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Development. Lillian Goldman Law Library 2008. Web. May 30 2018.Holman, Brett. The Sudeten crisis, 1938. Airminded: Airpower and British Society, 1908–1941. Airminded. Web. May 30 2018.

Introduction to Social Networking and the Impact on College Life Research Paper

Introduction to Social Networking and the Impact on College Life - Research Paper Example The social network is a wonderful place to be for every individual in the world today because it provides updates from near and dear ones, assists in communicating with people living far away in remote areas of the world and also helps people to entertain themselves and keep busy. However, the social network has begun to have an adverse effect on the lives of students as well as professionals at the workplace because it has been eating into their work time. Many teachers argue that their students fail to finish their work on time because of being hooked onto the internet and on social network sites like Face book and Twitter. Social media websites have been thus affecting school and college students’ grades because students end up spending more time on websites rather than studying. Most students, when asked how they spend their day, reply by stating that they spend their hours after school or college in front of the computer, on websites like Twitter and Face book. These websites take up all their time because the new generation is obsessed with documenting their every thought on the internet. Moreover, they like checking into places on their Face book, updating their status and spend hours on a single photograph that someone would have tagged them on, commenting. All these activities eat up into their study time and they fail to get good grades or concentrate in the classroom due to being so hooked on to these websites all the time. The focus of this paper is on college students because school children can still be controlled by their parents and are under the regulation of their parent’s watchful eye. Once in college, a student is on his own, leading his own life and seldom listens to what the parents say, especially if he lives away from home. Such fr eedom tends to override the child’s life, leading him into spending his time in the most non productive and enjoyable manner possible. The internet may be very productive however using social networking websites may hinder productivity. By this I mean to say that the internet can be a very productive place to be as it has so many websites full of information and learning; one can enrich himself by reading the news as well, however college students seldom tend to do that, unless the news presents itself in the form of a Face book update. Almost 96% of college students are on Face book all the time and even if they study, they tend to keep checking their Face book page for updates every half an hour, if not lesser. This hinders work because it reduced the concentration span of the student. (Akhtar, Shabbir) â€Å"As social media websites, such as Face book, YouTube and Twitter gain popularity, they are also are becoming increasingly dangerous as they create modes to procrastin ate while trying to complete homework. Hence, in a survey of 102 students, 57% stated that social media has made them less productive.† Moreover, the student always has something else on his or her mind, or he keeps waiting for a particular notification to come, which makes him lose his attention from his college assignment completely. Obviously, being on the internet can exhaust a person because of all the browsing and the mental work that is being done, without even knowing it. So after browsing the Face book for even two hours, students tend to tire out easily, and thus delay doing their college work at all, again leading to bad grades in class the next day. Another aspect that hinders their work and brings them bad grades is that their smart phones are synchronized to their

Week Six Discussion questions and Participation questions Essay

Week Six Discussion questions and Participation questions - Essay Example I learned a lot of valuable lessons during this business course. Training and development can be used as a strategic tool to improve the value of the human capital of a firm. I learned that employees are motivated by financial and non-financial rewards. An example of a non-financial reward is receiving a â€Å"congratulations† from the boss on a job well done. A third concept I learned in class is there many employment laws that protect the rights of workers. There are laws that protect employees against racial discrimination and sexual harassment. A fourth concept I learned in classroom is job analysis. Job analysis can be defined as set of procedures used to collect and classify information about tasks the organization needs to complete (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). A training and development program that the company offers to some of its employees is the management training program. The management and training program is available to talented employees that have shown leadership abilities and who have at least a bachelor degree. The program does not necessarily imply the person is to be promoted to a managerial position. There is financial incentive that pays the employees a cash reward after completion of the program. Compensation systems are important because they represent a mechanism that is in place to reward the employees for their efforts. An effective compensation plan will have many elements. The hourly pay is just one of these elements. There are many fringe benefits that can be offered to motivate employees. Some of the different elements of a complete compensation plan include maternity leave, paternity leave, extended vacations, sick days, medical plan, car allowance, flexible time, gymnasium privileges, college tuition assistance, and child day care allowance. Another ways to improve a compensation plan is by offering profit sharing, year-end bonuses,

One journal and one assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One journal and one assignment - Essay Example During the 1960s, young women were prevented from wearing pants irrespective of whether it was formal or informal occasion. However, modern women were advised to wear blue jean during their leisure activities. Based on Manzano (2009) the Alpargatas brand was designed to attract the Far West girls. After the Argentine revolution in mid 1960, there were stringent cultural expressions especially for the mini-skirts. From the article, it illustrates the emergence of modern wear and cultural diffusions. Women began to wear miniskirts and blue jeans as a symbol of feminine beauty which encompassed the displaying of erogenous zones (Manzano, 2009). The unisex tradition emerged due to resemblance of the sexes dress codes. Blue jeans and long hair depicted the unisex fashion among the youths Poet Hector Negro pointed out that blue jeans highlighted youth presence in the Argentine virtual culture. In mid 1970, blue jean was exclusively won by the young to express youthfulness. As a result, blue jean generation necessitated the vindication of informality and casualness in today’s culture (Manzano, 2009). 2. It is a superb upscale retail store dealing with clothing lines and other accessories. The chain store offers casual wears, work clothes, designer wear, active wear and sports clothing. In its artistic elements, the retail store specializes in men and women designer clothes. The designer wear includes custom made luxury clothes and bridal gowns (Spector & McCarthy, 2012). 3.The retail store targets the upscale millennium aged consumers. The fashion store aims at middle income to high income level consumers based on the clothing lines, services and its competitive prices (Spector & McCarthy, 2012). 4.The clothes are being advertised through an image. The company hires and employs professional models to advertise their clothing lines. Furthermore, the company also participates in fashion exhibits to market their clothing lines (Spector &

Gender issues in America today Essay Example for Free

Gender issues in America today Essay Women of the whole world face problems on their way to have equal rights with men. These problems differ and depend on the laws of the country they live in. By the last 40 years in the US, thanks to the activity of women’s rights movement, women succeed in the struggle for equal rights, but till the complete equality with men in the aspects of professional practice, salary and policy, there are far more left to gain. American women who want to raise their children in the world with more equality try to change the situation and find some people who have the same position on the issue among representatives of different political parties and members of nongovernmental organizations. When in 1960 drugs which help to control the birthrate came into existence it became possible for women to choose their own life journey. Marriage, children and housekeeping stopped to be the only opportunity. Harmless and more trusting contraception provided women with possibility to appreciate the alternative to all their traditional roles in society. At the same time in the 60s the movement for civil rights, demanding to put an end to racial discrimination and the act about civil rights of the year 1964 undermined the gender discrimination too. This is why the verdure of women’s movement in 70s was not just a case of fortune. Representatives of women’s movement were demanding equal professional opportunities and law defense for all American women. As a result in 60s – 80s the Congress constituted several laws oriented to protect women’s rights. Among them injunction of the Supreme Court of 1965 which opened for women the access to professions earlier considered as men’s ones, the injunction of the Supreme Court of 1971 which forbid the employers to deny women with preschool children, and a law published in 1970 which prohibit gender discrimination in all educational programs financed by government. By the end of 70s among labor force were more women than ever before in peace history (during the Second World War a lot of women went to work, when their men were on battlefields but after 1945 they returned to household chores). But as women were making progress in the career their possibilities were gradually restricted. A term â€Å"glass ceiling† describe the invisible barrier which faces a lot of women on their carrier ladder whilst their men-colleagues with the same professional skills and experience avoid all these problems. In the 80s in the US were accepted several laws oriented to ease the affect of â€Å"glass ceiling† so, for example, in 1984 the injunction of the Supreme Court prohibited to oppose to women’s joining clubs. Earlier these clubs gave to men the capacity of intercommunication for the purpose of further career development. In the same year the Supreme Court resolved that legal services have no right to restrain the career development of their employees in virtue of gender. However the problem of â€Å"glass ceiling† is still exist in the US. In 2002 two members of the House of Representatives – a man and a woman – submitted a report on the problem. The report dwells upon the fact that still too few women occupy administrative positions almost in all spheres. In the report it was also mentioned that the wage gap now is 80 cent earned by woman for every dollar earned by man. â€Å"The wage gap is a statistical indicator often used as an index of the status of womens earnings relative to mens. It is also used to compare the earnings of other races and ethnicities to those of white males, a group generally not subject to race- or sex-based discrimination. The wage gap is expressed as a percentage (e. g. , in 2005, women earned 77% as much as men) and is calculated by dividing the median annual earnings for women by the median annual earnings for men. The Equal Pay Act was signed in 1963, making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work. At the time of the EPAs passage, women earned just 58 cents for every dollar earned by men. By 2005, that rate had only increased to 77 cents, an improvement of less than half a penny a year. Minority women fare the worst. African-American women earn just 69 cents to every dollar earned by white men, and for Hispanic women that figure drops to merely 59 cents per dollar. The wage gap between women and men cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2005 female physicians and surgeons earned 60. 9% of the median weekly wages of male physicians, and women in sales occupations earned just 63. 4% of mens wages in equivalent positions. If working women earned the same as men (those who work the same number of hours; have the same education, age, and union status; and live in the same region of the country), their annual family incomes would rise by $4,000 and poverty rates would be cut in half. † It is also interesting to follow up how the wage gap was changing through years : â„â€" Year Percent â„â€" Year Percent â„â€" Year Percent 1 1951 63. 9 20 1970 59. 4 38 1988 66. 0 2 1952 63. 9 21 1971 59. 5 39 1989 68. 7 3 1953 63. 9 22 1972 57. 9 40 1990 71. 6 4 1954 63. 9 23 1973 56. 6 41 1991 69. 9 5 1955 63. 9 24 1974 58. 8 42 1992 70. 8 6 1956 63. 3 25 1975 58. 8 43 1993 71. 5 7 1957 63. 8 26 1976 60. 2 44 1994 72. 0 8 1958 63. 0 27 1977 58. 9 45 1995 71. 4% 9 1959 61. 3 28 1978 59. 4 46 1996 73. 8 10 1960 60. 7 29 1979 59. 7 47 1997 74. 2 11 1961 59. 2 30 1980 60. 2 48 1998 73. 2 12 1962 59. 3 31 1981 59. 2 49 1999 72. 2 13 1963 58. 9 32 1982 61. 7 50 2000 73. 3 14 1964 59. 1 33 1983 63. 6 51 2001 76. 3 15 1965 59. 9 34 1984 63. 7 52 2002 76. 6 16 1966 57. 6 35 1985 64. 6 53 2003 75. 5 17 1967 57. 8 36 1986 64. 3 54 2004 76. 6 18 1968 58. 2 37 1987 65. 2 55 2005 77. 0 19 1969 58. 9 Here we may see how year after year American women were fighting and wining cent by cent nowadays amount of their salary. There are also periods when they were losing positions but on the whole we see gradual percentage growing from 63. 9% in 1951 to 77 in 2005 and the struggle continues. What do women do now? First of all more and more women enter colleges and universities and work within the chosen profession. Women have the opportunity to act participating in operations of nongovernmental organizations as Fund of businesswomen and women-professionals, American association of businesswomen, American association of women with university education, National association of working women ect. Activity of women from nongovernmental organizations is diverse. Some of them collect money for promotion of more women in government. Others like members of American association of businesswomen offer to create unions for experience exchange and improving of professional skills for women who dream about successful career. Many of these organizations try to influence the US government in order to pass laws oriented to support the campaign against women’s discrimination. Some of them like National women’s organization conduct national protest actions drawing attention to the most vexed women’s problems. More and more men and women get involved in movement for gender equality, send e-mails to the members of Congress or contribute money to nongovernmental organizations, because they want their daughters to have more opportunities of choice. Women in national policy. Quantity of women represented in national policy grows but that is still not equality. In the year 2004, for example, women occupied 14 out of 100 seats in the US Senate, 59 out of 425 seats in the House of Representatives (the number of women in legislative body of the US is more than 22. 4%), 2 out of 9 seats in Supreme Court, 3 out of 15 seats in the Presidential Executive Office but there was no woman in the Cabinet. The example of nongovernmental organization working in order to increase the number of women in the US government is the Emily’s List, famous for having collect money for election to the US Senate of 6 women – which is still remains a record. Women also write letters to the elected representatives, expressing their opinion on topical issues, aggressively intervene in local centers of republican and democrat supporters all over the country, assist to many nongovernmental women’s organizations and take part in mass political actions. One of the mass action, oriented to gain gender equality is the program â€Å"Take Our Daughters to Work†. It was started about 10 years ago in order to show to the next generation of American women the importance of education, professional women’s abilities and to organize forum for girls. Companies permitted to the employees to bring their daughters to work at one day so that they could see the professional life of the parents. Now this day received a name â€Å"Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day†. Women’s rights movement which was so active in 60s and 70s provided millions of American women with the access to education, opportunity of career development, economical independence and strengthened their influence in political sphere. Nowadays US women are able to achieve much more and have more opportunities to choose than 40 years ago. Major part of American women feels their responsibility to create equal society for their children. To have equal rights for American women doesn’t mean to be less feminine or less caring for their children. This is something much deeper and more global, that means they should be treated as humans whose ideas are to be taken seriously, who have the opportunity to show their power and who are respected.

Knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding

Knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding Breastfeeding is the most precious gift a mother can give her infant. When there is illness or malnutrition, it may be a lifesaving gift; when there is poverty, it may be the only gift. Ruth Lawrence, M.D. 1.1 Background of research Exclusive breastfeeding starts from a new born to the age of six months. It is an ideal and incomparable to any infant formulas created for them recently. As it has been known that breastfeed contains the perfect food for a newborn which has immunization to diseases, easy to digest and at the perfect temperature to be fed to infants. Breast milk is the natural first food for babies which provides all the energy and nutrient that the infant needs for the first months of life. The first breastfeed milk is known as the colostrums which can only be found in breast milk that contains all best nutrients for the new born babies. Colostrums contain antibodies that protect the baby from bacteria and viruses in the early age. It helps to increase the babys intelligence and growth and strengthen the close bond between mother and the baby ( Gartner et al. 1997). It strongly proven that breastfeed is the best food for a baby that no other food has the same nutrients values. Pregnant mothers should have the knowledge and awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding to newborn infants. This study is to find out how much the awareness and knowledge of 30 pregnant women in the antenatal and postnatal wards through questionnaires. They should be aware of the benefits of breast milk to infants and to their own health. Many women make infant feeding decisions before delivery and before any contact with healthcare professionals. Although health promotions campaigns are influential in educating women about breastfeeding, they often do not dissuade women from formula feeding once the decisions has been made. Antenatal preparations of pregnant women for breastfeeding rises awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, empower them with practical knowledge and skill in breastfeeding techniques, and prepare them for possible difficulties. Though many campaigns and seminars were done nationally to educate the public, yet the rate of exclusive breastfeeding is still to the unsatisfactory level. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Malaysia has been decreased from 92% ( in 1950s) to 78% (in 1970s) but there was a slight of increment in the early year of 1975( Da Vanzo, 1991) although for only less than 10%. Report done by the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA, 2005) , showed that millions of babies fell sick every year as they were not breastfeed. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) estimated that more than 1.5 million babies died yearly may be avoided if the babies were given exclusive breastfeed, from birth to six months and continuously until the age of two years old. Malaysia has been doing a lot of promotions and activities lately to give the knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding through activities such as World breastfeed week and Baby friendly Hospital. 1.1 Problem of statement Breast feeding have multiple benefit to the mother and child but there are still postnatal mother that are not confident and not interest to breast feed their baby. This problem might be due to lack of knowledge on information sources regarding breastfeeding. This research is done to elevate the knowledge between antenatal and postnatal mothers in this hospital. Breastfeeding offers irrefutable and long-lasting health benefits for both mother and baby, which are supported by a comprehensive scientific research. Many research and evidence base has been conducted and proven that the benefits of breastfeeding are undeniable. Ministry of Health has set and implements various strategy in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. One of the strategy is the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative on 1993.The aim is neither than to develop an environment that support mother to breastfeed their baby, create a policy that control exclusive breastfeeding. On Mac 1998, Malaysia had been announced as the 3rd country in the world which all the government hospital has been given the Baby Friendly Hospital status. Over time, the percentages of births to subgroups with higher rates of breastfeedingparticularly Malays and more highly educated womenhave increased. However, there is also evidence of changes in rates of breastfeeding within these subgroups. Many Malaysian infants have a total duration of breastfeeding (including with supplementation) considerably shorter than WHO recommended six months of exclusive breastfeeding. The national breastfeeding policy has been revised in 2006, according to WHO all mothers are encouraged to breastfeed their babies exclusively from birth until 6 months of age and thereafter to continue until their child is 2 years old. Complementary foods should introduce when the baby is 6 month old. 1.2 Hypothesis The postnatal mothers have a higher level of exclusive breastfeeding knowledge compared to the antenatal mothers. 1.3 Significance Of Study The benefits of breast milk is undeniable, manufacturer are trying to create a milk that are at least having similar benefits and nutritional value as the breast milk, yet no strong research study has been conducted to prove it. Not all the properties of breast milk are understood, but its nutrient content is relatively stable. Breast milk is made from the nutrients in the mothers bloodstream and bodily stores. Some studies estimate that a woman who breastfeeds her infant exclusively uses 400 600 extra calories a day in producing milk. The composition of breast milk depends on how long the baby nurses. Research shows that the milk and energy content of breast milk actually decreases after the first year. Breast milk adapts to a toddlers developing system, providing exactly the right amount of nutrition at exactly the right time. In fact, research shows that between the ages of 12 and 24 months, 448 milliliters of a mothers milk provide these percentages of the following minimum daily requirements: Energy 29% Folate 76% Protein 43% Vitamin B12 94% Calcium 36% Vitamin C 60%10 Vitamin A 75% . 1.4 Research Objective 1.4.1 General Objective The aim of this study is to identify all antenatal and postnatal mothers have the confidence and knowledge to exclusive breastfeeding. 1.4.2 Specific Objectives 1.3.2.1 To examine the knowledge of antenatal and postnatal mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding 1.3.2.2 To educate antenatal and postnatal mothers with exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and understandings. 1.5 Significant of Project 1.5.1 The importance of this study is to find out the difference knowledge level between antenatal and postnatal mothers on exclusive breastfeeding. 1.5.2 This study needs to assess the knowledge level of the antenatal and postnatal mothers after informations, campaign and educations given by health care staff and to show the teaching techniques by them are effective. 1.5.3. The is to esure that it will increase the knowledge and improvements to induviduals involvements in exclusive breastfeeding 1.6 Scope of Project 1.6.1 The study sample is limited to antenatal mothers who was come for screening in labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward. 1.6.2 Antenatal mother who was not delivered baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 1.7 Definition 1.7.1 Assessment Assessment is a process that follows a continuous cycle of improvement based upon measurable goals, involving data collection, organization and interpretation leading to planning and integration. 1.7.2 Knowledge Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning. Knowledge is an appreciation of the possession of interconnected details. 1.7.3 Exclusive breastfeeding Exclusive breastfeeding defined as no food or liquid other than breast milk , not even water, is given to the infant from birth until six months of age. 1.7.4 Antenatal mother Occurring or present before birth; during pregnancy 1.7.5 Postnatal mother post meaning after and natalis meaning of birth- is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are acknowledged widely, opinions and recommendations are divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. We systematically reviewed available evidence concerning the effects on child health, growth, and development and on maternal health of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months vs. exclusive breastfeeding for 3-4 months followed by mixed breastfeeding (introduction of complementary liquid or solid foods with continued breastfeeding) to 6 months. Two independent literature searches were conducted, together comprising the following databases: MEDLINE (as of 1966), Index Medicus (prior to 1966), CINAHL, HealthSTAR, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, EMBASE-Medicine, EMBASE-Psychology, Econlit, Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, African Index Medicus, Lilacs (Latin American and Carribean literature), EBM Reviews-Best Evidence, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register quoted by Kramer MS , Kakumar R.( Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) Mothers often are uninformed about the health benefits of any amount of breastfeeding, their ability to continue breastfeeding while employed, and the convenience and cost differential of breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding. Although there is a tendency in the literature to stress the time-intensive nature of breastfeeding, in fact it may require less time and attention than bottle-feeding (Barber-Madden, 1990). First, the promotion of breastfeeding without practical help and knowledge which led to many frustrated, unsuccessful breastfeeding attempts with subsequent backlash. Second, a much shorter hospital stay which does not provide adequate time for mothers milk to come in or for appropriate education and support. In Australia in 1993, a country which is known for its support of breastfeeding, the average hospital stay for vaginal delivery was still 5 to 7 days, and for C-section, 7 to 10 days. Australia also has the foresight to send home health visitors once the mother is discharged to offer further assistance and support. Third, the continued increase of women in the workplace, many times by necessity and not by choice, has influenced the incidence and duration of breastfeeding. A non supportive work environment makes breastfeeding difficult at best. Finally, the decline of breastfeeding has been assisted by the ambivalence of some health care professionals. This ambivalence is based on the lack of familiarity with current breastfeeding research, reliance on formula company nutritional information, and the very well meaning issue of not wanting to push breastfeeding because it might make the Mom who chooses artificial feeding feel guilty. Despite these initiatives, only 14.5 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below six months in 2006, . In addition, only 19.3 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below four months. Jaafar,2008 Compared with the findings of the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2 (1996), there was a significant decline of 9.7 % in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding below four months and a concurrent rise in the prevalence of babies who were predominantly breastfed but given additional water. Analysis of the breastfeeding pattern showed generally that exclusive breastfeeding rates were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after the age of two to three months .It was also found after the age of two months, more than half of the breastfed babies were supplemented with infant formula and given other foods like commercial baby foods or home-cooked baby food while 20 percent of breastfed infants were supplemented with plain water.Few factors that contribute to early discontinuation of breastfeeding as follow : 2.1 Cultural Beliefs And Myths Of Breast Feeding The cultural beliefs, myths and ignorance have to be blame for the countrys poor breastfeeding performance. The myths that breastfed babies need water in addition to breast milk are wide spread in the country. Lack of knowledge and skill of mothers on when to start complementary food and how to maintain breastfeeding are other prohibitive factors, Complementary food, including water, should ONLY be introduced after the age of six months 2.2 Lacks Of Benefit And Facility Other factors according to Jaafar ( 2008 ) are the lack of benefits and facilities to promote and facilitate breastfeeding practices amongst women who also make up some half of the countrys working population. These include the absence of longer maternity leave, the lack of flexible working hours and missing childcare centers at work places. Breastfeeding patterns in Malaysia suggest that inadequate maternity leave may in fact be denying babies their right to mothers milk, and one of the reasons why only 1 in 7 infants were exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life in 2006. (Nadchatram ( 2008 ) According to Ministry of Health analysis of national breastfeeding data, exclusive breastfeeding rates in the country were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after two or three months, roughly the period when maternity leave ends and working mothers return to paid employment.   In Malaysia, women are entitled to 8 weeks (60 days) paid maternity leave, 6 weeks short of the recommended 14 weeks by the International Labour Organisations Maternity Protection Convention 2000 (No. 183). Malaysia is not a signatory of the Convention. 2.4 Not Enough Milk Hussain (2003) has revealed that other factor for early discontinuation of exclusive breast feeding is not enough milk .In his study,54% of the sample express that this is one of the reason. The reason for not having enough milk might be highly influenced by the mothers emotional and psychological well-being. Low levels of stress, healthy nutrition, plenty of fluid intake, emotional support and nipple stimulation through babys sucking are all important contributors to breastfeeding success. However, living circumstances often dont allow perfect breastfeeding conditions: another child in the family, the death of a loved one, money worries etc. all add to an increase in stress levels. Other factors such as breast surgery can contribute to low amounts of breast milk. It has also been found that more women who gave birth by caesarean section Encountered breastfeeding problems, this may have various reasons such as the initial separation between mother and baby or the physical pain as a result of the surgery which ultimately affects the mothers ability to enjoy the breastfeeding experience. Chen ( 2006 ),conclude in his research that breastfeeding-friendly policies can significantly affect breastfeeding behaviors. However, an unfavorable working environment, especially for fab workers, can make it difficult to implement breastfeeding measures. With health professionals emphasizing that the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, and as only females can perform lactation, it is vital that womens work productive role and family reproductive role be respected and accommodated by society. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. The length of maternity leave is positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding The International Labour Organization (ILO) recommends a period of maternity leave of not less than 14 week. However, the typical maternity leave in many Asian and Middle Eastern countries falls below these levels, only offering less than 12 weeks paid leave. In Taiwan, most companies provide only eight weeks of maternity leave. A national survey in 2005 showed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Taiwan at one month postpartum was only 22.3%, and dropped to 16.7% at three month. To bring Taiwan in line with WHO guidelines, effective worksite strategies needed to be implemented to encourage new mothers to breastfeed in the workplace. 2.5 Levels of Influence and the Breastfeeding Decision 2.5.1 Health Professionals Roles Multiple studies indicate that health professionals support of breastfeeding is important in increasing breastfeeding rates (Lawrence, 1993, Winikoff Baer, 1980; Winikoff, Laukaran, Myers, Stone, 1986, 1987). Health professionals have made important promotion contributions, yet many health professionals who provide care to pregnant women and infants do not demonstrate explicit support of breastfeeding; nor do they have adequate knowledge about breastfeeding. In an American Academy of Pediatricians study, only 65 percent of pediatricians recommended exclusive breastfeeding for the first month and only 37 percent recommended breastfeeding continue for the first year (Schanler, OConnor, Lawrence, 1999). Many women do not initiate breastfeeding because they know they will be returning to full-time employment that will entail separation from the baby. Perhaps they believe that they will not be able to continue breastfeeding once they return to work, and they adopt an attitude of Why start something I will not be able to continue? (Fein Roe, 1998). Furthermore, women who return to full-time work wean their infants earlier than other women. It has been found, however, that expecting to work part-time following the birth of a baby did not affect initiation of breastfeeding. Part-time work of four or fewer hours a day did not affect duration of breastfeeding. Part-time work for more than four hours per day affected duration of breastfeeding less than full-time work (Fein Roe, 1998). Because of economic necessity and the need for other benefits such as health insurance, many women cannot afford to work less than fulltime. When possible, however, delaying separation from the infant and reducing the amount of time mother and infant are separated during the infants first six months increases the likelihood that breastfeeding will be successful (Stuart-Macadam Dettwyler, 1995). In a qualitative study carried out by MacLaughlin and Strelnick (1984), many women suggested it would be helpful to receive breast-feeding information about combining breast-feeding with working and to have open discussions of the topic with other mothers. A survey of 567 women who breastfed while employed outside the home showed that the most significant difficulty was role overload, a result of the multiple demands to which they were responding. This aspect does not differ markedly from what is found for non-breastfeeding, working mothers (Auerbach Guss, 1984). About 60 per cent from 451 mothers who stopped breastfeeding, did so during the first postnatal month and another 20 per cent during the 2nd and 3rd month after the babies birth. The mothers age, education or parity, did not affect the rate of breastfeeding. Low birth weight, especially birth weight less than 2 kg, was a risk factor for early termination of breastfeeding. Caesarean delivery and hospitalization of the infant during the neonatal period was also associated with a higher rate of bottle feeding compared with newborns who had been delivered normally, discharged early, and nursed at home. Although breastfeeding rates are high, the finding that the majority of mothers who give up breastfeeding do so in the early weeks, calls for better support to all mothers by committed health personnel during the period when breastfeeding is being established, and for extra assistance to women whose infants are hospitalized or have a low birth weight (Shiva , 2003 ) 2.6 Advantages of breast milk to babies Breast milk is best for newborn baby, and the benefits of breastfeeding extend well beyond basic nutrition. In addition to containing all the vitamins and nutrients baby needs in the first six months of life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect baby from illness. American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months (although any amount of breastfeeding is beneficial). And scientific studies have shown that breastfeeding is good for mothers health, too. Numerous studies from around the world have shown that stomach viruses, lower respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and meningitis occur less often in breastfed babies and are less severe when they do happen. Exclusive breastfeeding (meaning no solid food, formula, or water) for at least six months seems to offer the most protection. A study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences showed that children who are breastfed have a 20 percent lower risk of dying between the ages of 28 days and 1 year than children who werent breastfed, with longer breastfeeding associated with lower risk. The main immune factor at work here is a substance called secretor immunoglobulin A (IgA) thats present in large amounts in colostrums, the first milk mothers body produces for the baby. (Secretors IgA is present in lower concentrations in mature breast milk.) The substance guards against invading germs by forming a protective layer on the mucous membranes in the babys intestines, nose, and throat. 2.7 Advantages to breastfeed mothers A study of more than 33,000 Danish women who had given birth between 1999 and 2002 evaluated the effect of breastfeeding on maternal weight at 6 and 18 months postpartum compared to reported pre pregnancy weight. The authors calculated that a Danish woman with normal or obese pre pregnancy weight who gained 11-12 kg during the pregnancy and exclusively breastfed her infant for 6 months would be back to her pre pregnancy weight by then. At 18 months postpartum, women who exclusively breastfed for 6 months and continued breastfeeding until their infant was 12 months of age had the lowest probability of retaining 5 or more kg of weight no matter how much weight they gained during the pregnancy (Baker, 2008) 2.8 Conceptual framework The research conceptual framework will be carried out as shown in the flow chart below. INTERGRATED WARD HOSPITAL TUANKU AMPUAN NAJIHAH POSTNATAL MOTHERS ANTENATAL MOTHERS QUESTIONAIRE RESULT ANTENATAL MOTHERS POSTNATAL MOTHERS CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction In this chapter the researcher will discuss the main aspect of the research methodology in detail. There are five aspects that consist of the research design, population, sampling and methods, study instruments, collection of data and limitation of study. 3.1 Study design The study uses a descriptive and quantitative method. The researcher will distributes the questionnaires to the respondents as the main instrument to collect data for the study. The collection and the analysis of data is done in two weeks. 3.2 Population and sample The population is all antenatal mothers who will be come for screening in the labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward in Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Najihah. 3.3 Study subject All 15 antenatal mothers who will come for screening in integrated ward from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and 15 postnatal mothers discharge from labour room during the study period. . 3.4 Sample size calculation The sample size will be calculated so that the study has the capability to detect clinically importance difference as statistically significant. The sample size also will be calculated to estimate effect with stated precision. Only 30 cases will be selected as the sample. 3.5 Study participants 3.5.1 Inclusion criteria All antenatal mothers who are conceiving their second child and above that warded from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward. 3.5.2 Exclusion criteria All antenatal mothers who are conceiving their first baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 was not included in this study. 3.6 Data collection procedures 3.6.1 This study will be using questionnaires that will be given to the antenatal and postnatal mothers before and after the campaign. 3.6.2 Permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Hospital Director and the Chief Matron. An inform consent will also being obtained from the respondents ( Appendix II / Lampiran II). 3.6.3 Self Administered Questionnaire (SAQ) Self Administered Questionnaire will be used to determine the medical personal knowledge as shown in Appendix III / Lampiran III. 3.7 Sampling methodology Sampling refers to the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population (Polit Hungler, 1999). In this study only 30 participants will be selected among the antenatal and postnatal mothers in HTAN from January till March in the year of study. The study was done with pilot test 10 antenatal and postnatal mother and the cronbachs alpha= 0.732 3.7.1 Statistical analysis The result of this study was based on the responses from 30 of the antenatal and postnatal mothers. The independent variables identified namely were designation. The data was analyzed and presented in percentage. 3.7.2 Research tools Data was collected by using structured questionnaire. See Appendix III and Appendix IV. 3.8 Expected results Antenatal mothers have the knowledge and understanding of the importance in exclusive breastfeeding. Antenatal mothers will be making decisions on exclusive breastfeeding before delivery. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS 4.0 Introduction In this chapter the collected data is analysed from the questionnaires given to the respondents. The demographic factors usually tested as it is often used as the inference study as it is easy to get and easily analysed the effect (Jack Fiorito et el 2007) . The first part is a demographic data about the respondents for example race, age , education level and their exclusive breastfeeding knowledge. 4.1 Characteristics of demographic respondents Section A Table 1 : Ethnic :- Antenatal mothers Antenatal mothers Post natal mothers Ethnic Number of respondents Percentage Number of respondents Percentage Total number Malay 11 73.3 % 13 86.7 % 24 Chinese 1 6.7 % 0% 1 Indian 3 20.0 % 2 13.3% 5 Referring to the table above, majority of the respondents are from the Malay ethnic which gives 73.3% for the antenatal mothers while the postnatal respondents gives 86.7%. The second higher percentage of ethnic comes from the Indians that give 20 %for the antenatal mothers and the postnatal mothers contributes 13.3 %. The least is the Chinese that gives only 6.7% that is only one respondent for the antenatal but none for the postnatal mothers.. As usual majority of the respondents are the Malays as most of them preferred to give birth in government hospitals comparing to the Chinese who prefer going to the private hospitals. Table 2 : Age of the respondents Age range Number of respondents for both ante and postnatal mothers Percentage 20 -25 years old 9 30.0% 26 30 years old 12 40.0 % 31 35 years old 6 20.0 % 36 40 years old 3 10.0% The age range for this study is done to get a better view to the majority of the ante and postnatal mothers involved. As shown in the table above the age range between 26 to 30 years of the antenatal and postnatal mothers gives the majority which contributes 40.0 %. The least comes from the age range of 36 to 40 years that gives only 10% which only 3 respondents involved. Table 3 ; Education Level Academic level Number of respondents Percentage Non- schooling 1 3.3 % Primary school 2 6.7% Secondary school 17 56.7% College/ University 10 33.3% As shown in the above table, the majority of the educational level comes from the secondary school level which contributes 56.7 % from all the respondents. This shows that this group of respondents have the great trust in the government hospital so does the college/ university level respondents that gives 33.3% of all. Table 4 : Occupation Occupation Number of respondents Percentage Housewife 17 56.7 % Self employed 4 13.3 % Government servant 5 16.7% Private sector 4 13.3% Referring to the above table, the housewife is the majority respondents in this study that carries 56.7% which is more than half of the respondents involved. The government servants contributes 16.7% while the self employed and the private sectors employees give the same percentage of 13.3% each. Table 5. : Exclusive breastfeeding prior knowledge YES NO Number Of respondents 25 5 Percentage 83.3% 16.7 % Referring to Table 5, 83.3% of the respondents have the prior knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding which means that they had the experience and knowledge to breastfeeding. Five respondents, contributing 16.7% had no knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. Table 6 : Number of child Number of child (conceiving/ give birth) Number of respondents Percentage 2 12 40% 3 11 36.7% 4 3 10% 5 2 6.6% 6 2 6.6% As shown in the table above , 12 respondents conceiving or giving birth to their second child that gives 40% of the study. 36.7% conceive or give birth to their third child, 10% or 3 respondents conceive or give birth to their 4th child and 6.6% contributed by respondents who conceive or give birth to their 5th and 6th child. SECTION B Knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding Question number 1